http://moy-mir.biz/index.php/site/index/ en aleksandrov_alek@list.ru Copyright 2011 2011-02-28T17:24:27+00:00 http://moy-mir.biz/index.php/site/lessons_from_the_troubles_..._unless_we_do_not_now_then_no_one_ever/ http://moy-mir.biz/index.php/site/lessons_from_the_troubles_..._unless_we_do_not_now_then_no_one_ever/#When:17:24:27Z Lessons from the Troubles ... “Unless we do not now, then no one ever” Category: Russian There are, however, another aspect of our responsibility. He is, in my opinion, is not just our right, and duty to provide a permanent impact on the power. From power as an institution, from the presidential level, we have the right to demand compliance with its purpose - to carry out the will of the Russian people as the constituent peoples of Russia, to act in its interest.   In the last of my articles published in the news agency REGNUM, analyzing the lessons of Russian troubles, I talked about the importance of the acquisition of spiritual sovereignty, without which the notion of political and economic sovereignty are not working, turn into empty words. At the heart of the spiritual sovereignty of the Russian man is Russian Orthodox faith and cultural tradition, whose situation in Russia today is not all right. That is why the Institute of dynamic conservatism, where I work, confronts are two interrelated tasks. The first - to counteract the social, cultural, intellectual, spiritual and moral degradation of Russian society (using a foreign word, as applied the concept of “society” to the inhabitants of modern Russia it would be wrong: in general, they will have less). The second - to change the ideological preferences in the society, increasing it commitment to their value, semantic and ethical imperatives of the Russian tradition, the understanding of historical continuity in Russia’s destiny, faith in it and the Russian people as historical subjects, will to act to change the existing conditions in the country and in the world. This is the understanding of staff of our institute, we are colleagues considerable number of Russian people across Russia.   If we look closely at the conditions in which we have today to live and work, then we are forced to admit that the Russian people of today are consistently widow - deprived of their fair share of what can be considered as the most important foundations of life. He loses interest in culture, space is rapidly shrinking. He loses interest in education, the meaning and content of which is emasculated, and the shape becomes alien to the nature of the national tradition. He loses interest in the welfare, prosperity, property, and socio-economic oppression on it increases. He loses interest in politics, where more and more impudent people are alien to their interests, and those who are their mouthpiece, purposefully squeezed to the periphery. In conditions where there is neither a party nor a leader, able to fully realize his aspirations, he denied even the right to express their attitude to it: he could not vote against all and knows that if he did not go to the polls, it is only play into the hands of the mighty. He loses interest in the future, because he becomes less able to maintain their health and their children. Moreover, the future of his attempt to take away, purposefully undermining the proper relationship between parents and children, emasculating sense of sonship - the foundation of faith and unity of any nation. Russian people want even more detached from its natural time, forcing the whole year to live, two hours ahead of a natural, God-established, diurnal rhythm. Russian Orthodox Church, imposing a new calendar.   Fair share of the Russian man in all this should be returned. How to do it? I’ll start with no claims to the government or the condemnation of hostile forces of the Russian people, whom, in fact, a lot, but with ourselves. Our own responsibility for what is happening is very, very loud. Much has already deprived and continue to deprive themselves. Even in today’s environment through better self, a greater firmness and consistency in defending their cultural code and the right to a dignified life can do a lot, and the activities of many NGOs across Russia is that a clear confirmation. This experience needs to be spread very active.   There are, however, another aspect of our responsibility. He is, in my opinion, is not just our right, and duty to provide a permanent impact on the power. From power as an institution, from the presidential level, we have the right to demand compliance with its purpose - to carry out the will of the Russian people as the constituent peoples of Russia, to act in its interest. Until the contrary is obtained. Russian people do not like CT - it was introduced. Russian people do not want new educational standards - he imposed on them. We want our children to learn the basics of Orthodox culture - that are placed obstacles. We demand a decent or at least adequate funding of culture - in response, despite the protests, the transition to a system of autonomous institutions, threatening paralysis of action and the ruination of most cultural institutions. Entrepreneurs, growth-oriented development in Russia of national production and market, urged caution in developing relations with the WTO, to the same call on scientists and the public - the power remains in the position of joining the organization and, consequently, performance requirements imposed on it, disastrous for the Russian industry and agriculture. The vast majority of military experts is not the first protest against the reforms undertaken by Serdyukov, Minister of the armed forces - their restructuring continues, with predictable negative consequences for the country’s defense. These examples could go on. Apparently, we slightly extend its position does not agree with all of the above.   I think the majority of Russian people have an understanding that such power is not in their full power. Critics of this position, perhaps, indicate in this respect at the high ratings of confidence in the president and chairman of the government, but I’m talking about the federal government as a whole. Let’s priplyusuem to ratings of Medvedev and Putin’s ratings Gryzlov and Mironov, Shuvalov, and Volodin, Serdyukov, Kudrin, Fursenko Golikova and Khristenko, other ministers, who were placed in power, the same president and prime minister, we derive the arithmetic mean, and we all become clear. Edit this power will not be easy. Moreover, the desire to change our enemies will try to use to impose on us an even more liberal and pro-Western government. Therefore, changes in government, in my opinion, should be considered as a goal not only of the political process, but also a constant, daily process of education authorities. Rather, the education of individual state officials.   The capacity of relevant actions of social and political organizations today is severely limited, but they are saved, and we should use them. Great opportunities in the Russian Orthodox Church - Orthodox Church in general and, especially, its Primate. Russia today is experiencing a complex combination of troubled times and times with double temptations and temptations, and who, if not the pastors and bishops, to denounce them? In performing the song at Matins of the Blessed Virgin Mary is, as we know, this stanza: “overturn silnyya to the throne, and offered smirennyya; hunger with good things, and let bogatyaschiyasya tschi. Is not this what should be followed by Christ Church to do today? Meanwhile, the strong remain in power, continues to undergo humble sorrow, and bogatyaschiesya enjoy a special arrangement of the church hierarchy. Orthodox public criticizes the liberal pro-Western lobbies in the Russian power elite is seriously concerned about his activities, and many of the components of the lobby of businessmen and government officials marked the church decorations.   I am very worried that she herself Russian Orthodox Church today attracted by multiplying their property and deliberately shows the world his growing wealth. All of this represents not only a serious temptation for the laity, but also a threat to the spiritual wholeness of the clergy, that is, all the ROC as a whole. I can not judge whether intentionally our church today introduced the state of this destructive material temptation, but that the evil work without proper intent can not be, it seems to me obvious.   Why am I so concerned about the problem of spiritual integrity? On the one hand, because the Russian language, unlike the major European languages, the word “integrity” and “target” - same root. Just keeping its integrity, a Russian man can put in front of the right targets. It is even more so when it comes to power, which sets targets for the people. But even more important aspect of this issue stems from the fact that today the growing confrontation in the Russian society, which has both political and socio-economic, ethnic, and cultural and many other issues - is primarily a spiritual confrontation, spiritual warfare . We’re standing face to face not with a kind of mired in the material thoughts, soulless bourgeois, and the forces of the dark spirit - in fact, the spiritual followers of Cain. They have always acted in Russian history, but never the case did not reach that so hard to impose upon us the so-called “civilization” rather than a national way of life, to make Russia an accelerated pace and at the same time build a tower of Babel, and spread of Sodom and Gomorrah, and commit the sin of Ham and kiss Judas Christ Thou.   In order to carry on with such evil forces fight a holy and right, mortal combat, as he wrote Tvardovsky Twardowski, for the sake of life on earth, we need a powerful force. Such a force Russian man ever got above all from God. But not only. He is, as we know from the national epic and history, and many people - and from my own experience, drew her from her native land. Describing his feelings on his return from evacuation, Anna Akhmatova wrote: “As for the first time I was at her home, staring. I knew: it’s all mine - my soul and body.” Not so today to our fellow countrymen through a massive advertising campaign actively “kicked out” to rest outside of Russia? And there are millions of travel, leaving their spiritual immunity major recharge from his native land, destroying the physical immune system, especially when it comes to trips to the subtropics in the winter, leaving behind millions of dollars annually, which would remain the contribution to the national product.   There is another important source of strength for the Russian people - lives in unity with the people. I think many people in their personal collection of archetypes of behavior there is the same phrase Akhmatova: “I was with my people, where my people are, unfortunately, was.” Special power to give unity to the people of the Russian rulers. Recall of St. Dmitry Donskoy, who in response to the blessing of St. Sergius found for himself the only true place in the field of Kulikovo - shoulder to shoulder with ordinary Russian soldiers in the battlefield a dangerous place. Let us recall the famous Russian general Suvorov and Emperor Alexander III. Recall, finally, Stalin, remained in Moscow at the critical moment the Battle of Moscow, when virtually the entire government was evacuated to Kuibyshev. In this context we can say much about the personal qualities of a statesman or a representative government, but more importantly to apply to the theme “power and social justice.” I am deeply convinced that the future of successful policies and successful politicians in our country due to the association of conservative, traditional values with a platform of social justice. Such a synthesis at the time tried to make political party “Rodina”, but it was well known, subjected to severe pressure from the authorities.   I am delighted that the ROC has taken in its social concept of a clear position in support of the demands of social justice and, most recently conducting its increasingly active. Otherwise, it can not be if we ever will remember whom the Lord has put on the right hand of himself - the one who fed and heated neighbor told him his clothes, his income.   Normal Russian people live not only in unity with his people, and with love for his people, taking care of him. In his work “The path of spiritual renewal,” Ivan Aleksandrovich Ilyin wrote: “Love for his people is not necessarily hatred of other nations: self-affirmation is not a necessary attack, defending her does not mean the conquest of others. And so nationalism and patriotism are the phenomena of high spirit , not gusts arrogance, conceit and bloody barbarism, like trying to figure it out other modern writers do not remember the relationship and confused national spirit. ” Today, the word “nationalism” turned into almost a pejorative. In reality, however, to distort world of Russian man carried a substitution of concepts: nationalism is called that has a clear title in Russian - chauvinism. There is also a “lite” version of the distortion, which we propose to use the word “nationalism”, the word “patriotism.” No doubt, the patriotism - a very important and necessary feeling of any citizen, but that loyalty to your country, your state. In this case, this concept moves into the background a sense of responsibility of each representative of a particular ethnic group over another’s representative. I think in many ways, precisely because of the word “nationalism” both hated most of the representatives of today’s Russian ruling class: they bear the responsibility for his brother does not want. And based on the notion of patriotism, it’s easier not to talk about their responsibilities and the responsibilities of others. First of all, ordinary citizens of the state. In other words, paying tribute to the important sense of patriotism, we have every reason in the positive side, use the concept of “nationalism”, remembering the way that without this root will not make sense and the concept of “internationalism.”   As confident that we can and should talk about the special leadership role of the Russian people as a state-superethnos Russia. On the duties of responsibility for the future of Russia, which lies on him, the Russian super-ethnos, or the Russian nation, far ahead of all other residents of the Russian ethnic groups. That is why we are proud to call it, call and call themselves Russian. Agreed to call emasculated the word “Russians”, a short time will have to speak not in Russian, and the “Russian” language!   In 1908, in a cycle of poems “On the field Kulikov,” Alexander Blok wrote that he was so clear the way to Russia that he was not afraid of obscurity - at night and overseas. ” “Let the night. Whisk. Illumine steppe fires distance. In the steppe holy smoke, flash banner ...” with certainty he wrote. He was confident in the power of the Russian spirit, able to withstand any external pressure. Today night abroad haze “again covers Russia and the large number of people in the so-called” Russian elite “is also not afraid of it. Just do not fear for another reason - they want that foreign haze and do not want to strengthen the Russian spirit, unwilling to protect its people and their country, they believe (trust in vain) that they can secure a personal peace, then what will happen to our country, they are worried a little. That is why today we are doubly can not be peace. That is why, as I wrote recently, one good and care about the future of Russia monk, we say: “If we did not and does not now, then no one ever!”.   This article was prepared on the basis of statements of MV Demurin at the XII St. Pafnutevskom educational readings, held in Borovsk 24-25 February 2011 10 Mikhail Demurin 2011-02-28T17:24:27+00:00 http://moy-mir.biz/index.php/site/po_box/ http://moy-mir.biz/index.php/site/po_box/#When:12:45:03Z PO Box How to ward off bullies Dear Editors, we ask you to help find a council for young people on a daily basis musoryaschih in the entryway. Conversations with their parents do not work. Who to contact in this situation? Alenka, visitor http://www.ng.kz Comment - Handle to a police inspectors - responsible spokesman Chief DVD Kostanai region Elena KASHARINA. - Just not as often come citizens in such situations. Noticed that teenagers behave like a hooligan on a staircase, called the police and believe that this is enough. But to the district took steps to address him with the statement. He is obliged to react and give the applicant an answer in writing. Based on statements by police officer will decide as to which responsibility and who may be involved: adolescents themselves or their parents for improper parenting. Also note that on this issue, few, unfortunately, applies to the administration PKSK, involves the public, for example, a senior in the house or porch. Although the quarterly meeting of the tenants are going home, which should discuss not only the communal nature, but similar problems. As practice shows, is often only by working together can bring order to the first hallway, then in the neighborhood, then the whole quarter.   2011-02-26T12:45:03+00:00 http://moy-mir.biz/index.php/site/politics_kz1/ http://moy-mir.biz/index.php/site/politics_kz1/#When:12:42:27Z Politics KZ “You can not break to pieces stick”   Masimov: “The problem is not that we’re not talking in Russian, but the fact that we do not speak Kazakh”   Nargis Asadova, echo.msk.ru   Prime Minister of Kazakhstan answered the questions of listeners of radio “Echo of Moscow”   On Monday, Prime Minister of Kazakhstan Karim Masimov an interview with Ekho Moskvy radio station and answered questions from listeners of radio. In particular, this is what Prime Minister spoke about the state language policy. - Altin from Karaganda asks: “On the status of state language, you said that by 2020 95% of the population will speak the Kazakh language. Do not you think that such prospects will lead to the fact that the Russian-speaking population will go away? ” - Firstly, we do not want Russian-speaking population went from Kazakhstan. And secondly, I think that Russian-speaking population from Kazakhstan will not go away. Because we strive to create such conditions that all were comfortable. I think that there is such a violent way to do this is impossible. That is, break to pieces stick. But to create the motivation for that was of interest to study the language, it is necessary. But on the other hand, I believe that it is normal that in Kazakhstan, the Kazakh language to speak. I think that of all former Soviet republics soon as we were, where another 95% do not speak the native language. This is normal, that is, we need this approach. But to approach this to be very careful. That is a landmark - it’s still on the young. Primarily for high school graduates, the younger generation. That is when a person over 50, it is hard to make him change his lifestyle. Young people - is another question entirely. - But, nevertheless, there are processes such trends, even in neighboring Kyrgyzstan, for example, when we hear that they want to name all the villages with Russian names from the Soviet time remaining, in Kyrgyz. And the Russian-speaking people who live there, displeased. Whether such trends in Kazakhstan? - I think that in 20 years of our independence under the leadership of our president to the issue in Kazakhstan has always approached very carefully. That is, you do not hear throughout this period that some have been sharp movements are made that would cause discontent of Russian-speaking population. On the contrary, I repeat, we have a problem is not that we’re not talking in Russian, but the fact that we do not speak Kazakh. 2011-02-26T12:42:27+00:00 http://moy-mir.biz/index.php/site/politics_kz/ http://moy-mir.biz/index.php/site/politics_kz/#When:12:35:10Z Politics KZ They do not get bored   Amantai-kazhi of the race dropped out, but there were no less colorful personality (Photo gdb.rferl.org)   Anatoly Weisskopf, “Deutsche Welle”   Kazakhstan has completed the nomination of presidential candidates It turned out that over the last 15 days of his desire to run the state have expressed 23. Among them, four representatives of political parties and public associations. The other candidates - self-nominated.   Over the short history of presidential elections in Kazakhstan so many contenders for this post was not observed. Among them, some unemployed, retired, traditional healer and even a clairvoyant. True, the final exam on the Kazakh language is not passed, but because the CEC of “knowing in advance about the outcome of elections” by Maya Karamaevoy goodbye. Not allowed to participate in elections and ex-senator Ualikhan Kaisarov, an unemployed lawyer Eszhanov rope, a history teacher and a security guard Adalbek Kunanbayev Tolybay Baymurzin. Two others - a pensioner of the Pavlodar region Zaure Masina and an unemployed mechanic from Ekibastuz Sovetkazy Nursi, making sure his undoubted knowledge of Kazakh language to further combat abandoned. Will not fight for the presidency and promised to bestow upon men of Kazakhstan law “On Polygamy” eccentric Amantai-kazhi, who twice failed to appear for the exam on the Kazakh language. However, without Amant kazhi Kazakhs seem to not be bored. Of the 14, get a coveted signature lists, there are noticeable personality. Take, for example, “veteran” of all, without exception, the presidential campaigns, former champion of the Soviet Union in Greco-Roman wrestling Zhaksybaya Bazilbaeva. This is a frequenter of Kazakh opposition political activities could easily appear at an event in a pot a la Charlie Chaplin, if not to dress in crimson coat, pulled over at this incredible size of the sample cylinder mid-19 th century. Not to disappoint his supporters and a leader of public organization “Union of Muslims of Kazakhstan” (SMC), Murat Telibekov. Press-service of the SMC owns a proposal for additional regulations, which must demonstrate the state commission a presidential candidate: virtuosity game dombra, excellent training school ride a horse or a camel, a flash assembly and disassembly of the tent, as well as the exclusive possession of the tricks of the national struggle kazaksha kures. According to the proposal of the QMS next president is obliged to jump in the height of not less than 2 m 10 cm, not to intercede for the bar in the long jump at 6 meters, 10 times to raise a weight of 50 kg, be wrung from the earth 150 times and 20 times to catch up on the bar . Extension of two more candidates - Gani Kasimov and Mels Eleusizova, leader of the environmental movement Tabigat - The leader of the unregistered party “Alga!” Vladimir Kozlov, “this is such a panic mode even attempt any significant candidate to insert into the procedure: - Because all the rest - is a housewife, security guards or anyone else. That is, when WCS Azat changed her mind to nominate its candidate Bulat Abilov the election, I think that the regime fell in prostration. Since the actual visibility of elections is no more.   2011-02-26T12:35:10+00:00 http://moy-mir.biz/index.php/site/fingers_do_not/ http://moy-mir.biz/index.php/site/fingers_do_not/#When:12:34:23Z Fingers do not   “Whatever the election, with no alternative candidate Nazarbayev certainly will not stay”   Timur Gafurov   An instructive experiment is going to be held in Nepal - there the officials from several ministries will be to conquer Everest. Servants of the people have their hands to feel attraction, attracting tourists from all over the world, and at the same time to look at the ground with a bird’s-eye view, because the mountains are not only illuminate the soul, but also helping people to realize their true place in this world. In Kazakhstan, the mountains, of course, will be lower, but we have our own summit, which is still resigned to only one person - it is the presidency. In the campaign for nomination of candidates for him, which ended on Sunday, attended by as much 22 citizen, that is 2 times higher than forecast, which is made in early February, Presidential Adviser for Political Affairs of Kazakhstan Yermukhamet Yertysbayev. However, their list is very reminiscent of Counting “On the Porch with gold ...»: verbal series” pensioner, an unemployed security guard, teacher, psychic “and wants to continue - the cobbler, the tailor - who you’ll be so, come quickly, do not keep good and honest people. ” Some of this children’s board nominees have already hastened to follow, others have not passed the filter of the linguistic committee, but record-breaking team policy “climbers” still gathered at the foot of the vertical power structure. Thus proving that whatever the early presidential elections in 2011, with no alternative candidate, Nursultan Nazarbayev, certainly will not. This is a triumph of democracy, even a little alarmed supporters of that candidate. Not that their leader may lose, but rumors that the president’s administration is preparing a “dummy” to create an impression of struggle. How hastened to Yertysbayev, it excludes the possibility of the bases, and involvement in her government. A political scientist Sanjar MAHB went even further: he believes that nominees “may be part of the dirty technology to discredit the elections and in general as president.” Although I am such an assumption seems strange - how can you even more to discredit the elections, the winner of which is known in advance? And how can you discredit a position that at the dawn of independence under the law was being changed, and now - again by law - has become virtually permanent? And it is not only unequal opportunities for promotion. Even if the incumbent no longer appear on billboards, in newspapers and on the screens, the idea that the next will be worse than the previous one, velas in the national consciousness and new evidence requires it. A list of nominees quickly dispel any doubts about the truth of this axiom, that could have influenced events in Egypt and Libya. But here’s what I still care about - why in this list, which became a kind of a slice of our society, only one public servant? Our officials certainly did not live in Nepal, but the language examination would not become a barrier for them - write an essay on 2 pages, to read 3 pages of text and to speak for 15 minutes every second we can, if not the first. At this point one of two things - either our soldiers and do not dream to become a general, or this top for them is much higher than Mount Everest. “Whatever the election, with no alternative candidate Nazarbayev certainly will not stay”   2011-02-26T12:34:23+00:00 http://moy-mir.biz/index.php/site/do_not_barbecue_and_kebab_/ http://moy-mir.biz/index.php/site/do_not_barbecue_and_kebab_/#When:12:22:20Z Do not barbecue and kebab ...   Meat on a skewer is good in any way (Photo http://www.prigotovim.ru)   Dora Hungry   But this meat is also cooked on a skewer This dish, which even the names of the owners did not come up, I was recently treated. The idea seemed witty. Sharing. Especially because I saw almost the whole process of cooking. Owner of the house - a big fan of meat. In the summer he comforted an endless variety of kebabs, and in the winter come from experimenting with his heaped plate, which is the mode of the grill. Said that their meat rolls invented after the failure of the kebabs, which are made of minced meat on skewers, and now he’s always stuffing it collapsed. Then he tried to change the technology. Takes the meat, cut in both the chops. And beat it well, very strongly, almost to transparency. Then this damn lubricates the mix of mustard and mayonnaise, and gives him a little lie down. At this time, finely chop the vegetables, which is handy. When I was visiting, were on hand bell peppers, onions and parsley. Vegetable mix chef laid on a meat pancake, departing from the edges of an inch and a half. Then clocked a pancake on a skewer with vegetables inside, zashpilil edge wooden toothpicks, smeared his work from the top with mayonnaise and mustard and put to bake. Less than half an hour later, we had a delicious meat rolls. (By the way, I think that in a conventional wind mode you can do is just sprinkled like a shish kebab). Boss, eating pork, explaining that you can borrow and beef, and mutton, and put into what you want. Says, even ... meat. Very praised rolls of beef, which was inside the finely crumbled smoked brisket with onions and mushrooms. One nuance. Good bounces, lean meat, fat, thinning does not want. Of course, vegetables make juice, but for whom this is not enough, can cut a long but thin ribbon of fat and a spiral wrap around the roll. Our chef is planning in pepper bacon, said that it obtained such crispy and appetizing, that eat it first. Salt this dish on the table.   2011-02-26T12:22:20+00:00 http://moy-mir.biz/index.php/site/zimbabwe/ http://moy-mir.biz/index.php/site/zimbabwe/#When:12:05:49Z Zimbabwe CAPITAL Harare. PEOPLE According to the 1992 census, the population was 10.4 million (in 1982 - 7,5 million). During the 1980-1990-s average population growth rate is 3,6%. In 1998 Zimbabwe’s population of 12 million people. Almost two-thirds of Zimbabweans under the age of 25 years, and nearly half - less than 15 years. In 1998 the share of urban population was 37%. There are two basic groups: black Africans, constituting 99% of all residents, and the white community, numbering in the late 1990’s total of 101 thousand people (at the beginning of 1970 - 225 thousand). The largest ethnic groups of Africans - Shona (80%) and Ndebele. The Asian community is very small. LANGUAGE The official language is English. The native language of most Zimbabweans - chishona, which is spoken by the Shona. This includes people of several ethnic groups: korekore that live in the north, and manika Ndaus - in the east, Karanga, constituting almost half the population chishonoyazychnogo south of the country, and zezuru, the second largest group chishonoyazychnaya, living west of Harare. Another major African nation of Zimbabwe - Ndebele, who, as Kalanga and hlengve, speak the language sindebele. In addition, in the Zambezi valley and along the Kariba dam live Tonga-speaking chitonga and to the south along the border with South Africa - Venda. RELIGION Most rural African population remains committed to traditional cultures. About a quarter of Zimbabweans - Christians, including Catholics - about 40%, supporters of the Anglican Church - approx. 15% and Methodists - 10-12%. Among other religious groups associated with foreign missions - Seventh-Day Adventists and the Salvation Army. About 40% of African Christians belong to many independent African churches, which in the past, or separated from the foreign missions of faiths, or have occurred independently of them. GEOGRAPHY State in southern Africa. It has borders with Zambia and Mozambique in the east - with Mozambique in the south - to South Africa, south and west - with Botswana. Almost all of its territory occupied plateau Matabele and Mashona height 800-1500 m The central part of Zimbabwe is an open plateau with heights of 1100-1850 m above sea level Almost all of the best farmland and most cities are located in upland areas characterized by a steady climate with abundant rainfall and fertile land. The peripheral areas of the country, except one in the east and the other along the border with Botswana to the west, mostly plain: in the north - pool r.Zambezi, in the south - pool r.Limpopo and south-east - pool r.Sabi. The lowest part of the country, differing in the hottest climates, is located on the south-east, in the basins of the Sabie and its tributary Runde and r.Mvenezi basin, a tributary of the Limpopo. Rivers, as a rule, rapids, shallow. Many of them dry in the dry season. Located just north of Mutare Eastern Highlands reaches a height of 2592 m above sea level (Mt. Inyangani, the highest point of Zimbabwe), and in the mountains of Chimanimani, located south of Mutare along the border with Mozambique, the top of Bing reaches 2,436 meters above sea level The main watershed of the country’s territory crosses the plateau from the south-west to north-east, and shares the watersheds of the rivers Zambezi and Limpopo, which flow into the Indian Ocean. In Zimbabwe, there is one large reservoir on the Kariba r.Zambezi along the border with Zambia, and many small - Kyle on the River. Mtilikve, Robertson and Mack Ilueyn on r.Gvebi, Shangani-Tiyabenzi on r.Tiyabenzi, etc. In the north-east of the country on r.Zambezi the famous Victoria Falls height of 107 m and a width of approx. 1500 m CLIMATE The climate in the north subequatorial, in the south - tropical. In summer (December-March) average temperatures do not exceed 25 C, in the winter dry season (June-August) - 17 C. Average annual precipitation reaches 400 mm. in the valley of the Limpopo River in the south and 1000 mm. in the mountains. Most rain falls from November to March. POLITICAL STATUS Parliamentary republic with a presidential form of government. Included in the Commonwealth. Head of state and government - the president. Legislature - unicameral parliament (National Assembly). ECONOMY Zimbabwe - one of the most economically developed states in Africa. The country is rich in minerals and has a developed industrial sector, a thriving commercial farming, modern well-developed basic industrial infrastructure and a fairly skilled workers. Manages since 1980 first ZANU, and then ZANU - PF government of Zimbabwe to maintain and strengthen the system of strict state regulation, created in the period of white minority rule. The process of centralization of the economy, which lasted until 1998, was aimed at creating an enabling economic environment for the black majority. However, the system of state regulation of Zimbabwe’s economy has become the main reason for its rollback on macroeconomic indicators, in the 1990’s the country constantly hinders the execution of economic restructuring programs agreed upon with the IMF. Overstaffing of public enterprises and institutions, lack of competition in the dominance of the public sector, poor governance and corruption, the cost of sending troops to the DRC in 1998 helped exacerbate the chronic economic crisis. In 1997-1998 the Zimbabwean dollar has depreciated, hard currency reserves has slowed dramatically, sharply increased inflation, increased domestic interest rates, and trade unions have opposed government policies. In 1997 Zimbabwe’s GDP exceeded 8.6 billion dollars, which amounted to approx. 714 dollars per capita. About 23% of the GDP accounted for by revenue from hotels, restaurants and tourism, 11% - agricultural production and 7% - the mining industry. The share of manufacturing industry, where is widely used by local agricultural and mineral commodities accounted for 8% of GDP. CURRENCY The Zimbabwean dollar, equal to 100 cents. In circulation are banknotes of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 dollars, coins - 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 cents and 1 dollar. Because of the high (25%), inflation rates can vary significantly even within a short period. U.S. dollars are accepted almost everywhere, the exchange can be made at banks, hotels, airport, Harare, numerous exchange offices. In markets and in the province can repay the rand and South Africa. Tips range from 5% in restaurants and hotels, up to 10-50 dollars guides and rangers in case of successful hunting. Tax obtained trophies - 20%. TIME Behind Moscow for 1 hour. Main attractions On the Zambezi River (border with Zambia), the famous Victoria Falls (height - 120 meters, length - 1700 meters, one of the largest in the world), surrounded by national park and a large picturesque dam Kariba. The steep walls of the gorge below the falls as if created for a breathtaking white water rafting, and calm within the headwaters of the Zambezi River is perfect for cruising and canoeing, is especially popular route of Victoria Falls - Zambezi Park - rapids - river TCOF - Chandu River - Victoria Falls. In Zimbabwe, preserved monumental stone structures of ancient civilization - Monomotapa (VI-XVIII centuries). In total about 400, but the most famous “Acropolis” and “temple” near Fort Victoria, decorated with stone sculptures. Harare - the gateway to the country a unique sanctuary for wildlife. In its southern suburbs are the ruins of Great Zimbabwe - the old “heart of the nation. An unforgettable experience will leave visiting mbar - of the unique African bazaar and auction of tobacco, is being done from April to October, the National Gallery and museums. National parks in Victoria Falls, Hwange, Matopo and others - full of rare animals and surprising beauty of the landscape. Zimbabwe on the basis of fully occupies a prominent place among the game in Africa - a variety of environmental conditions and species mix of opportunities for specialized hunting ranches and hunting in the wild, magnificent trophy size, very high level of service, makes it attractive for the most demanding hunter and traveler . The best sport fishing in Africa, according to specialists, is also here. Traveling around the country organized on a high level, because is one of the major sources of income. This is ensured through state licensing and strict control over the activities of guides, rangers and accompanying personnel. RULES OF ENTRY Need a visa and a passport which validity should not expire earlier than 3 months before the date of the tour. The visa fee - $ 105 (consular fee + overhead). Documents: 3 photos (4 x 5), personal data, passport. Turnaround time - 3 weeks. Recommended vaccinations. Because one of the world’s highest level of AIDS, recommended precautions. It is recommended to insure the trip in case of cancellation, to avoid financial loss in case of cancellation of hunting or tour due to unforeseen circumstances. CUSTOMS REGULATIONS Import and export of currency is not limited to, declare the sum over 50 thousand dollars. Permission required (cost - $ 250) on the import of hunting weapons and ammunition, as well as the export of hunting trophies. The import of drugs and some medicines. Zimbabwe 2010-04-07T12:05:49+00:00 http://moy-mir.biz/index.php/site/yemen/ http://moy-mir.biz/index.php/site/yemen/#When:12:00:59Z Yemen CAPITAL Sana’a, Aden (the former capital of the Democratic Republic of Yemen) has the status of economic capital. PEOPLE 16,9 million people - mostly Yemenis (Arabs of Yemen). LANGUAGE Arabic, the majority of workers in tourism and trade talk in English. RELIGION State religion - Islam. Most believers - Muslims (in the south of the country’s widespread Sunni shafitskogo wing on the north - the Shia wing zeyditskogo), Judaism, etc. GEOGRAPHY Republic of Yemen - a state in south-west Asia, southern Arabian Peninsula. In western Yemen’s territory is washed by the waters of the Red Sea in the south and east - the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea on the north by Saudi Arabia and the east - with Oman. In western and central parts of the country - low, strongly weathered mountains (highest point - city of Al-Nabi-Shayb - 3600 m). In the East - layered hills. Along the coast of the Red Sea - Desert Tihama. The total area of the country according to the UN - 528 ths. km. (Border in the north in the desert and not clearly defined). Yemen also owns a number of islands in the Red and Arabian Seas. CLIMATE Tropical, in most of the dry. Mean temperature changes in January - from +20 C to +25 C in June from +21 C to +32 C. The nature of climate the country is divided into several zones: the Tihama desert (where there is an absolute maximum temperatures of 45-55 C, relative humidity air up to 98%), District of Highlands, where the climate is dry continental with sharp differences of daytime and nighttime temperatures (at night and -20 C) and relative humidity of 10-20%, the area of the desert Rub al-Khali (the less significant changes in temperature) and coastal Areas of Aden, Abyan and Hadramawt, located in the tropical hot and humid climate. Precipitation from 40 to 1000 mm. year. POLITICAL STATUS Head of state - the president. Head of government - the Prime Minister. Legislative power is vested in a unicameral parliament (House of Representatives). Until now, Yemen is dominated tribal relations. Sheikhs have almost unlimited authority in the field. Between the authorities and tribes often conflicts occur. CURRENCY Yemeni real. Vilnius is not practical in any bank and store, as well as in numerous private exchange offices. Most major hotels, restaurants and shops accept credit cards (mainly American Express, MasterCard and Diners Club), in the province of their use difficult. Traveler’s checks used is limited, although becoming more widespread, they are now accepted in major shopping malls, hotels and air transport. Tipping up to 10%, although often the cost of services already included in the bill, in small private establishments is essential to specify the amount of remuneration for services in each case. TIME In the winter period corresponds to Moscow in summer - is behind by 1 hour. Main attractions Most of the country because of the climate of little use for traditional tourism, while fans of extreme rest will find a lot of interesting things - from racing through the desert in jeeps and camels, and the subjugation of low, but the beautiful local mountains to the sandy slalom and search multiple, as claimed chronicle, but buried desert medieval settlements. In the capital, be sure to visit the University, known from the I century, the Palace of Sultans in the traditional Oriental style. To the northeast of the capital lie the ruins of the ancient city of Ma’in, one of the most mysterious in the region - is still being debated on its builders and their origins. Interesting and numerous excavations of ancient civilizations Hadramaut, Saba and Himyaritskogo kingdom. Handicraft shops Yemen famous for its metal ware, weapons, and silver and gold, the splendid coinage. Across the country, scattered numerous mosques (Shibam, Taiz, Gibli), many of which are not one hundred years. In Shibam is a unique architectural complex - clay skyscrapers. This is clearly the world’s first facility of this type, numbering 10 -11 floors, white-yellow, made in the XIX century. only in baked clay, without additional connecting elements. In the Gulf Qamar and in the Kusayir, turbo and about. Kamaran are picturesque coral reefs, the dream of any diver, but considered to be sufficiently complex and dangerous to dive because of the peculiarities of local currents. Also of special interest from the standpoint of Underwater Archaeology is the Bab el-Mandeb (the Gate of Tears “) at the bottom of which lie a thousand ships crashed on the reefs of all ages and nations. RULES OF ENTRY The visa regime, the minimum term visa from 1 to 3 days. Documents required for obtaining a visa: 3 photos, 3 forms (in Russian, English or Arabic, passport details in the original), a passport, an invitation (if any) registered with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Yemen, a medical certificate for going abroad (for Check to work). To obtain a transit visa, you must have a passport visa neighboring states. Validity of a visa to enter - 30 days from the date of issue at the consulate. Stay in the country is not limited. Guided tours - for groups of at least 6 people. Consular fees for citizens of Russia - $ 50 for citizens of Ukraine - $ 150 for citizens of other CIS countries - $ 60. Discounts for children, have their own passport - 50%. Children who are included in the parent’s passport, enter the country without paying the visa fee. When crossing the border must present a passport with a visa and completed in Arabic or English, immigration card, which shall contain: name, date and place of birth, nationality, occupation, passport number, date and place of issue, the goal arrival in Yemen, the number of visa. For foreigners, arriving in Yemen on ordinary passports for a period exceeding one month is required to obtain a certificate of testing for HIV infection (accepted for consideration only the certificates received at the Central Blood Bank of Yemen). CUSTOMS REGULATIONS Import, export and exchange of national and foreign currency is unlimited. Need a bank document indicating the origin of the currency if the amount taken out over 10 thousand dollars. The import of cigarettes - 200 pcs., Alcoholic drinks - 2 bottles, food - to the extent necessary for personal consumption. The import of the country without the permission of the bank’s gold bullion, print and video with erotic content. During removal of mandatory customs control shall be weapons, antiques and art objects made of gold and precious metals. Yemen 2010-04-07T12:00:59+00:00 http://moy-mir.biz/index.php/site/wallis_and_futuna/ http://moy-mir.biz/index.php/site/wallis_and_futuna/#When:11:54:27Z Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (territory of Wallis and Futuna (sometimes - Wallis and Futuna), fr. Territoire des Iles Wallis et Futuna) - Islands in the South Pacific, a distance of about 2 / 3 the way between Hawaii and New Zealand. Physiographic characteristics Geographical location and topography Wallis and Futuna are in the south-western Pacific Ocean and consist of two island groups, located 230 km from each other (Wallace - -13.266667, -176.16666713 ° 16 ‘th. Sh. 176 ° 10’ W. E. / 13.266667 ° th. co. 176.166667 ° W. d. (G); Futuna - -14.233333, -178.11666714 ° 14 ‘th. sh. 178 ° 07’ W. etc / 14.233333 ° th. co. 178.116667 ° W. e. (G)). The closest country - archipelagos of Tonga in the south-east (400 km from Ouvéa), Samoa in the east (370 km from Ouvéa) and Fiji in the south-west (280 km from Futuna). Total area - 274 km ² [1]. Map of Wallis and Futuna Wallis Group consists of relatively large island Ouvéa (area of 77.9 km ² [1]) and small islands. The total area of the group (including lagoon) - 159 km ² [2]. Ouvéa - low volcanic island. Highest point - PM Fakahega Lulu (Lulu-Fakahega) in height 151 m. The cones craters potuhschih volcanoes form the hills in the center and south of the island (Locke, Afaf, Lulu Luo, Jolo, Hologa, Atalika, etc.). The northern part of the island is a plain, bathed in the ancient lava flows. The ends of the country: north - the coast near the village of Waila, Eastern - Cape Tepako, South - Cape Fogo’one, Western - Cape Vaha’i'utu. Ouvéa surrounded by a barrier reef, cut with four passes through the main of which, Honikulu (Honikulu), in the south, is the channel to the port of Mata-Utu, the capital of the territory. Maximum width of the lagoon - 5 km. During the day there are two full tide and low tide. Lagoon dotted with 22 small islands (Nukufotu, Nukulaelae, Nukufufulanoa, Nukuloa, Uluiutu, Nukuteatea, Nukutapu (north), Luaniva, Tekaviki, Nukuhione, Nukuatea, Faioa, Penuel Phu Fugalei, Nukuhifala, Nukutapu (south), Nukumotu, Nuku ’ taaki’moa, Nukuaofa, Nukufetau, Nukutaakemuku, Haofa), part of which coral, and another - of volcanic origin. With Horn (Futuna) consists of the islands of Futuna and Alofi, remote from each other at 1,7 km. Area Futuna - 83 km ² [3], Alofi - 32 km ² [4]. It is a high volcanic islands. The highest point - Mount Puke (Puke) 524 m on the mountain and Futuna Kolofau (Kolofau) 417 m at Alofi. Islands have been a recent raise and have very rugged terrain. Except for some small coastal plains of the coast of these islands are steep. Relief on. Futuna presented a number of low plateau, gradually rising to Mount Puke, separated by small valleys. Extreme points of. Futuna: North - am Fatou; East - M. Wehle, South - Maman m; west - pm Utusega. At Alofi Kolofau mountain plateau is surrounded by 150-200 m. The ends of Fr. Alofi: North - Beach Uaua Wawe; East - am Sauma, South - am Afag; western - am Mafa’a. Horn Island is geologically young, so the reefs are stationed near the landfall (approx. 50 m) and the lagoon do not form. Only in the northern part of the island has a small lagoon Alofi [5]. Geology The islands are located near the Fiji Fracture Zone (one of the most active in terms of tectonic, located between the Australian and Pacific tectonic plates), and because of the existence of the fault that passes through the Futuna and Alofi, in these islands regularly earthquakes occur outside (the latter, the intensity of 6.5 on the Richter scale, occurred March 13, 1993). Islands of Futuna and Alofi from space High Island Wallis groups are composed of olivine basalt lavas and piroklazov, except for one extinct crater on Ouvéa and associated lava flows composed oligoklazovymi andesites. The low islands are composed of calcareous sand, or is to destroy the remnants of tuff cones and lava domes [6]. Lava Wallis belong to a group of alkaline lavas of the Central Pacific volcanoes [7]. Ouvéa Island was formed association of 19 lava flows of volcanic kraterov.Za exception of two young lava flows, only covered the soil, most of the island consists of lava flows mid-Pleistocene. Lava intermediate age do not exist. Education Horn Islands began began in the Pliocene (the formation of three ancient volcanoes). Volcanic activity has stopped them in the Pleistocene. After the cessation of volcanism ostorova experienced significant uplift (500 m) [8]. Hydrology and soil The hydrographic network on the island Ouvéa underdeveloped. On the island there are 7 large by local standards Lakes (Lano, Lalolalo, Lanumaha, Lanutavake, Lanutoli, Kikila, Alofivai). All of them except Lanutoli, fresh and filled with craters of extinct volcanoes (except Kikily). The largest lake - Kikila (17,9 ha [9]. Also along the north and the east coast is located approximately 20 saline lakes / marshes. Numerous short streams and springs. The island is covered with reddish lateritic soils rich in iron oxide and alumina, the second poorest in nitrogen and phosphorus, and therefore marginal. The same soil typical of other volcanic islands of Wallis. Soil remaining islands of the group represented by carbonate sand. On Futuna, about 50 short rivers, the largest of which - Sauma and Leava. Coast marsh. At Alofi no permanent streams. Soils are similar to volcanic soils of Wallis. Climate The climate is tropical trade wind, damp, always warm, with no clearly defined dry season. Average temperatures throughout the year varies between 25-26 ° C. The hottest month - February (average temperature +30 ° C), coldest - July (average temperature of +24 ° C). Extreme temperatures zaregestirovannye for all time of observation: minimum - 18,4 ° C, max - 33,4 ° C [10]. Annual precipitation is 2500-3000 mm in Wallis (80% humidity) and nearly 4000 mm - on Futuna. Most rain falls from November to April. During this period, weak winds are blowing, but possibly also the formation of hurricanes. Since 1970, the islands hit 12 hurricanes, the strongest of which (“Raja”, December 1986) was accompanied by gusts reaching 137 km / h. The most dry month - avust - less than 134 mm of precipitation [11] Flora and fauna In the past, Ouvéa Islands, Futuna and Alofi were completely covered by natural forests - deaf moist interior forests and rare coastal. However, they have been cut for agricultural purposes, especially for still used rainfed slash-and-burn agriculture. Now the primary forest occupies 13% of the area of. Ouvéa, 23% to about. Futuna and 66% for Fr. Alofi [12]. Wet wood is not high. The upper tier rarely exceeds 20 m and trunk diameter less than 80 cm are not uniformly distributed types, depending on the type of soil - limestone or another. Total in the rainforest Ostrovo found 50 species of plants, among which 3 are endemic (Aglaia psilopetala, Medinilla racemosa, Meryta sp.) [12]. In the coastal forests of mangroves occur (on the small islands of Wallis), on the sands grow psammophiles, acacia, coconut palms, etc. Blue-crowned Lorikeet Secondary forests were formed at the site of the primary as a result of human activities and now occupy 44% of the total area of the islands. In these, the most common acalypha grandis, decaspermum fructicosum, hibiscus tiliaceus, homolanthus nutans, macaranga harveyana, melastoma denticulatum, morinda citrifolia, scaevola taccada. Is a specific vegetation type Toafa - fern thickets on ferallitovyh soils (represented mainly Dicranopteris linearis). Since 1974 began Artificial olesnenie Caribbean pine, which continues at present [12]. Terrestrial fauna is poor. In past the home (cats, dogs, pigs, chickens) animals on the islands zaregestirovano 37 [13] species of birds (including shepherds, pigeons, terns, cormorants, frigates), 27 of whom are permanent residents of the islands. The area is home to the local varieties of flying foxes (bats) - known as peka, as well as two species of gecko, and two species of lizards. Endemic Futuna are white kingfisher, Polynesian lichinkoed whistling, and rare Parrot Blue-crowned Lorikeet is found in Alofi [14]. Several kennel wild and are found on the islands. Gardens are sometimes drained snails. Many insects, especially mosquitoes (which can be dengue fever [11]). Marine fauna is richer. Fish Lagoon Island Wallis is not poisoned by saxitoxin and can be used as food. In the lagoon are found only 2 poisonous fish: sea cat and a fish-stone. Sharks are extremely rare. Political division Administratively, the Wallis and Futuna Islands are divided into 3 territorial district sovpdayuschih within the boundaries of the historical kingdoms, the largest of which - Ouvéa in turn divided into three areas. Territorial District / District Name French Area km ² Population, 2008 Administrative Center (Number of inhabitants, 2008) History According to ethnographic studies in 1988 (find pottery culture “Lapita” in the south of. Ouvéa) assumed that the islands were inhabited between 1000 and 1500. BC (probably about 1300 years.). Throughout the first half of the second millennium Ouvéa dominated Tongan, while residents of. Futuna resisted their conquest. Tongans have established their kingdom in 1500 to Ouvéa Futuna Islands were conquered by the Samoans at the end of XVII century. Europeans first saw these islands April 28, 1616 near the island of Futuna and Alofi on the ship Eendracht sailed by Dutch navigators Lemur (le Maire) and Shauten (Schouten). They named the island Horn (Hoorn), after the city where they were born. Next time, these islands were visited only 11 May 1768 Louis Bougainville, but the isolation of the inhabitants was broken only 50 years old whaling ships. O-va Ouvéa opened Englishman Samuel Wallis (in honor of his island, and got its name), who on Aug. 16, 1767 on the ship Dolphin became the anchor to the island. Further contacts with the Europeans were divided extended periods of time before the arrival of whaling ships in 1828 The first Europeans who settled here beginning in November 1837, were the French missionaries of the Society of Mary (Les Sœurs Missionnaires de la Société de Marie). They paid the local population to Catholicism. The first missionary, Fr. Futuna Pierre Marie Shanel (Pierre Marie Chanel) martyr died April 28, 1841 [15], and was canonized June 12, 1954 (declared the patron saint of Oceania). April 5, 1842, after the uprising of the local population, missionaries demanded the protection of France. In November 1842, Wallis and Futuna, separately, were declared “free and independent under the protection of France” with the signing of contracts druzhby.19 November 1886 Queen Amelia (Amelia) with Wallis had signed a treaty officially establishing a French protectorate. Kings Sigava (Sigave) Joabe Manua Musulanu and Alo (Alo) Aliasegi the islands Futuna and Alofi also signed a treaty establishing a French protectorate, 29 September 1887. Joint protectorate “Wallis and Futuna” (les Wallis-et-Futuna) was established March 5, 1888 decision of the Minister of Colonies. In 1917, the three traditional territory, is administered by local chiefs were annexed to France, and were transformed into the Colony of Wallis and Futuna, which was under the control of the colony of New Caledonia. In a referendum 27 December 1959 94,4% of voters voted in favor of Wallis and Futuna integrated into the French Republic in the form of overseas territory. Status of overseas territories was established by the Act of July 29, 1961. After the constitutional reform March 28, 2003, to talk about the overseas community (Collectivité d’Outre-Mer). Population The dynamics of population change, Wallis and Futuna Age pyramid Wallis and Futuna according to census 2003 The population of Wallis and Futuna [16] Population Structure Population 14 231 (2008) Density 100 (2008) The average age of 23.9 Age structure 0-19: 44.1 19-59: 47 over 60: 8.9 (2008) Birthrate The number of newborns in 1000 18,7 ‰ (2003) Population growth rate -0.95% (2008) Number of deaths per 1000 people Child mortality The number and placement The last census in 2008 [18] population of the Territory of Wallis and Futuna is 14 231 people (including people’s time, the permanent population - 13 484 [18]). In 2003 this figure stood at 14 944 [19] people. There is now a decline in population with an approximate rate of 0.95% per year. The population in Futuna decreases faster (especially in the area whitefish) than Ouvéa [20]. The main reasons are to reduce the birth rate and mass emigration of the population [19] (in particular New Caledonia). However, the predicted [21] population of Wallis and Futuna will not decline and by 2050 will amount to 15,100 people. Approximately one third of the population lives on the island of Futuna, and two-thirds - to Ouvéa. On the island of Alofi, according to the latest census [18] lived an elderly man. Camym largest settlement area is its capital - Mata-Utu, where [18] 1124 people. In addition to her ostrava located another 35 villages. In 2003, men accounted for 50.15% (7494) population, women 49.85% (7450) [19]. The population of Wallis and Futuna form 3089 families [19]. The average number of persons in the family - 4,8 The percentage of children under 19 years old in 2004 was 44,1% of the adult population from 19 to 59 years - 47% over 60 years - 8,9%. [19] The average life expectancy of residents of the Territory was 74.3 years: males - 73,1, women - 75,5. Wallis and Futuna 2010-04-07T11:54:27+00:00 http://moy-mir.biz/index.php/site/vietnam/ http://moy-mir.biz/index.php/site/vietnam/#When:11:50:15Z Vietnam CAPITAL Hanoi. PEOPLE 74 million. Some 60 nationalities. Most of the population (88%) - Vietnamese. In the northern part of Vietnam’s population growth was estimated at 2,2% in rural areas and 3% in urban areas (in the delta region r.Hongha respectively 1,8% and 3,4%), in the south - 3,1 and 0, 7%. Thus, the process of urbanization in the Mekong Delta is actually stopped. Moreover, in areas where the three largest center (Ho Chi Minh City, Bien Hoa and Vung Tau), and administrative centers of the four provinces, the number of rural population in the first half of 1990 increased on average by 4,4%. Significant levels of urbanization in North Vietnam were partly a consequence of land shortage and the limited possibilities for agricultural production. GEOGRAPHY The state in Southeast Asia, occupying the eastern part of Indochina. It has borders with China and the west - with Laos and Cambodia to the east and south by the South China Sea. In addition to the mainland, the islands belong to Vietnam Kondao, Fukok etc. Vietnam’s territory stretches from north to south (the distance between the extreme northern and southern points - approx. 1,750 km) and in the latitudinal direction of its length from 616 km to the north (from Mongolia to Vietnam-Laos border) up to 46,5 km in the central part ( in Chungbo). The coastline is reminiscent of the letter S, is 3260 km. The situation in Viet Nam at the crossroads of several natural areas as well as the existence of an ancient geological structure determines the diversity of its natural environment. The relief of the country’s largely mountainous. Over three-quarters of the territory covered by mountains, plateaus and plains. Vietnam also belong to the islands and archipelagos. The largest of them - the Bai Thu Long, Coto, Katba, Kondao in the South China Sea, Phu Quoc in the Gulf and other area of the continental shelf - app. 500 thousand square meters. km. From neighboring countries of Vietnam separated mountain ranges. CLIMATE The climate is tropical monsoon, shaped by a wet summer (the southern and south-west) and dry winter (northeast) monsoon. In spring and autumn the weather is unstable - on the coast afflict typhoons. Average temperatures maloizmenchivy and range from +26 C in December to +29 C in April. LANGUAGE Vietnamese (official), Chinese, some English, French and Russian. RELIGION Main religion - Buddhism. POLITICAL STATUS According to the 1992 Constitution, the supreme organ of state authority is the unicameral National Assembly consisting of 450 deputies who are elected for five-year term by direct universal suffrage. Duties include parliamentarians’ appointment, suspension of authority and sending the resignation “of President, Vice-President and Prime Minister (nominated for these posts, only members of the National Assembly), as well as Chairman of the Supreme People’s Court and other senior officials. The President is the chief of the armed forces and directs the Council of National Defense and Security. President is the power to appoint with the consent of the National Assembly officials on a number of senior posts, including the posts of Chairman of the Supreme People’s Court and the Attorney General. Term of office of President - 5 years. The Prime Minister, responsible for the daily operations of the Government to appoint and dismiss cabinet members, but always with the approval of the National Assembly. The Prime Minister may revoke or suspend the execution of judgments and decisions taken at the level of ministries and departments, and is accountable to the highest legislative body of the country. CURRENCY New dong. ECONOMY After the withdrawal of military units from Cambodia in 1989, Vietnam was able to completely do away with the regime of “war communism”. Since 1986 VI Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam has made changing the top management of the country and started the process, officially called the “upgrade” through which the country entered a period of modernization. Identified on the basis of the Congress far-reaching reforms aimed at eliminating direct government intervention in pricing, production and external trade. To expedite the flow of funds and revive activity in the private sector in Viet Nam developed legislation relating to preferential taxation of foreign investors, are “export processing zones, and stimulate the activities of foreign banks. The country began forming the legal framework of market economy. Since 1990 a number of important laws on civil law, developed standards of business activity of firms, etc. Is being reorganized and the gradual privatization of some public sector enterprises. The number of state enterprises dropped from 12 084 in 1991 to about 6300 in 1995, mainly due to the elimination of weaker companies and associations of a number of enterprises adjacent profile. Systematically implementing a program of privatization of public sector enterprises. The movement to market has brought impressive results. From 1990 to 1997, gross domestic product (GDP) grew at an average annual 8.9%, while actual investment increased by about 25% per year. In 1995-1997 the economic growth of Vietnam was leading among ASEAN member countries. By 2000 GDP per capita was $ 400 authorized by the authorities, foreign direct investment, which in 1991 represented approximately 2.3 billion dollars in 1997 reached 31.2 billion dollars, representing 30% of all investments. In 1991-1998 a rapid growth in exports - from 2042 million to 9356 million, or 27% a year, and imports - from 2105 to 11 million $ 390 million, or 32% per year. In 1998 the export of goods and services was estimated at 42% of GDP, import - 47% of GDP. Despite the progress, Vietnam is experiencing economic difficulties. Poor infrastructure and weak economic potential manifested in low levels of major products: Electricity - 226 kWh of coal - 117 kg of oil - 118 kg, rolled steel - 8,6 kg cement - 83,3 kg, sugar - 7,8 kg of rice - 352 kg of mineral fertilizers - 12,8 kg and volume of exports of $ 96 per capita (at 1997). In the same year, national income per capita amounted to approx. $ 300 Asian financial crisis of 1998-1999 led to the import into the country declined in value by 3% during the expansion of exports by 0,9%, while foreign investment has declined. TIME Ahead of Moscow for 4 hours. Main attractions National Park Bach Ma, Hai Van, numerous reserves and sanctuaries. Vietnam 2010-04-07T11:50:15+00:00